{
  
  "schema_version": "gig-migration-export-v2",
  "data_version": "2040-12-31",
  "generated_at": "2026-06-12",
  "html_url": "https://migrationfit.com/cities/fi/fi-espoo/",
  "md_url": "https://migrationfit.com/cities/fi/fi-espoo/index.md",
  "type": "City",
  "slug": "fi-espoo",
  "country_code": "fi",
  "entity_id": "fi.fi-espoo",
  "name": "Espoo",
  "country": "Finland",
  "city_tags": ["standard_municipality"],
  "updated": "2040-12-31",
  "confidence": 84,
  
  
  
  
  
  
  "source": "https://migrationfit.com/cities/fi/fi-espoo/",
  "metric_values": [
    
    {"metric_id":"climate_sunshine_hours_annual","domain":"environment","value":1800,"value_type":"number","unit":"hours_per_year","date":"1991-2020","date_observed":"1991-2020","last_checked":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","source_id":"fmi_ilmastolliset_normaalit_1991_2020","source_name":"fmi_ilmastolliset_normaalit_1991_2020","source_url":"https://en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/ climatological-normals","source_type":"official","source_grade":"A","source_official":false,"confidence":"A","freshness_state":"fresh","fallback_level":null,"data_level_label":"City (fmi_ilmastolliset_normaalit_1991_2020)","aggregation":"higher_is_better","comparable":true,"selectionable":true,"trend":null,"stable_entity_id":"fi.fi-espoo","methodology_id":null,"citation_text":"Source: fmi_ilmastolliset_normaalit_1991_2020 (1991-2020), confidence A, via MigrationFit.","entity_id":"fi-espoo","entity_id_type":"city_slug"},
    
    {"metric_id":"internet_fixed_avg_speed_mbps","domain":"connectivity","value":195,"value_type":"number","unit":"Mbps","date":"2024-12-31","date_observed":"2024-12-31","last_checked":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","source_id":"traficom_laaajakaistaselvitys","source_name":"traficom_laaajakaistaselvitys","source_url":"https://www.traficom.fi/fi/tilastot/laajakaistaselvitys","source_type":"official","source_grade":"A","source_official":false,"confidence":"A","freshness_state":"fresh","fallback_level":null,"data_level_label":"City (traficom_laaajakaistaselvitys)","aggregation":"higher_is_better","comparable":true,"selectionable":true,"trend":null,"stable_entity_id":"fi.fi-espoo","methodology_id":null,"citation_text":"Source: traficom_laaajakaistaselvitys (2024-12-31), confidence A, via MigrationFit.","entity_id":"fi-espoo","entity_id_type":"city_slug"},
    
    {"metric_id":"rent_avg_nettokalt_eur_per_m2_month","domain":"housing","value":20.5,"value_type":"number","unit":"EUR/m2/month","date":"2026-Q1","date_observed":"2026-Q1","last_checked":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","source_id":"rent_v_reference_v_eur_v_per_v_m2_v_month","source_name":"Tilastokeskus — asvu/15fa quarterly rent index","source_url":"https://pxdata.stat.fi:443/PxWeb/api/v1/en/StatFin/asvu/statfin_asvu_pxt_15fa.px","source_type":"official","source_grade":"A","source_official":false,"confidence":"A","freshness_state":"fresh","fallback_level":null,"data_level_label":"City (PxWeb / Vero / Migri / THL / Traficom / FMI)","aggregation":"lower_is_better","comparable":true,"selectionable":true,"trend":null,"stable_entity_id":"fi.fi-espoo","methodology_id":null,"citation_text":"Source: Tilastokeskus — asvu/15fa quarterly rent index (2026-Q1), confidence A, via MigrationFit.","entity_id":"fi-espoo","entity_id_type":"city_slug"},
    
    {"metric_id":"average_monthly_gross_earnings_eur","domain":"work","value":4150,"value_type":"number","unit":"EUR/month","date":"2023-12-31","date_observed":"2023-12-31","last_checked":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","source_id":"statfin_pra_palkkarakenne","source_name":"statfin_pra_palkkarakenne","source_url":"https://pxdata.stat.fi:443/PxWeb/api/v1/en/StatFin/pra/","source_type":"official","source_grade":"A","source_official":false,"confidence":"A","freshness_state":"fresh","fallback_level":null,"data_level_label":"Maakunta (statfin_pra_palkkarakenne)","aggregation":"higher_is_better","comparable":true,"selectionable":true,"trend":null,"stable_entity_id":"fi.fi-espoo","methodology_id":null,"citation_text":"Source: statfin_pra_palkkarakenne (2023-12-31), confidence A, via MigrationFit.","entity_id":"fi-espoo","entity_id_type":"city_slug"},
    
    {"metric_id":"kita_coverage_under3_percent","domain":"education","value":58,"value_type":"number","unit":"percent","date":"2024-12-31","date_observed":"2024-12-31","last_checked":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","source_id":"thl_vaka","source_name":"thl_vaka","source_url":"https://thl.fi/fi/tilastot-ja-data/tilastot-aiheittain/lapset-nuoret-ja-perheet/varhaiskasvatus","source_type":"official","source_grade":"A","source_official":false,"confidence":"A","freshness_state":"fresh","fallback_level":null,"data_level_label":"City (thl_vaka)","aggregation":"higher_is_better","comparable":true,"selectionable":true,"trend":null,"stable_entity_id":"fi.fi-espoo","methodology_id":null,"citation_text":"Source: thl_vaka (2024-12-31), confidence A, via MigrationFit.","entity_id":"fi-espoo","entity_id_type":"city_slug"},
    
    {"metric_id":"disposable_income_per_capita_eur","domain":"income","value":27500,"value_type":"number","unit":"EUR/year","date":"2024-12-31","date_observed":"2024-12-31","last_checked":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","source_id":"statfin_ktk","source_name":"Tilastokeskus — Regional accounts","source_url":"https://pxdata.stat.fi:443/PxWeb/api/v1/en/StatFin/ktk/","source_type":"official","source_grade":"A","source_official":false,"confidence":"A","freshness_state":"fresh","fallback_level":null,"data_level_label":"City","aggregation":"higher_is_better","comparable":true,"selectionable":true,"trend":null,"stable_entity_id":"fi.fi-espoo","methodology_id":null,"citation_text":"Source: Tilastokeskus — Regional accounts (2024-12-31), confidence A, via MigrationFit.","entity_id":"fi-espoo","entity_id_type":"city_slug"},
    
    {"metric_id":"foreign_population_total","domain":"integration","value":53500,"value_type":"number","unit":"persons","date":"2024-12-31","date_observed":"2024-12-31","last_checked":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","source_id":"statfin_vaerak_11ra_citizenship","source_name":"statfin_vaerak_11ra_citizenship","source_url":"https://pxdata.stat.fi:443/PxWeb/api/v1/en/StatFin/vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11ra.px","source_type":"official","source_grade":"A","source_official":false,"confidence":"A","freshness_state":"fresh","fallback_level":null,"data_level_label":"City (statfin_vaerak_11ra_citizenship)","aggregation":"higher_is_better","comparable":true,"selectionable":true,"trend":null,"stable_entity_id":"fi.fi-espoo","methodology_id":null,"citation_text":"Source: statfin_vaerak_11ra_citizenship (2024-12-31), confidence A, via MigrationFit.","entity_id":"fi-espoo","entity_id_type":"city_slug"},
    
    {"metric_id":"gdp_per_capita_eur","domain":"income","value":48000,"value_type":"number","unit":"EUR/year","date":"2024-12-31","date_observed":"2024-12-31","last_checked":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","source_id":"statfin_ktk","source_name":"Tilastokeskus — Regional accounts","source_url":"https://pxdata.stat.fi:443/PxWeb/api/v1/en/StatFin/ktk/","source_type":"official","source_grade":"A","source_official":false,"confidence":"A","freshness_state":"fresh","fallback_level":null,"data_level_label":"City","aggregation":"higher_is_better","comparable":true,"selectionable":false,"trend":null,"stable_entity_id":"fi.fi-espoo","methodology_id":null,"citation_text":"Source: Tilastokeskus — Regional accounts (2024-12-31), confidence A, via MigrationFit.","entity_id":"fi-espoo","entity_id_type":"city_slug"},
    
    {"metric_id":"kita_coverage_3to6_percent","domain":"education","value":85,"value_type":"number","unit":"percent","date":"2024-12-31","date_observed":"2024-12-31","last_checked":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","source_id":"thl_vaka","source_name":"thl_vaka","source_url":"https://thl.fi/fi/tilastot-ja-data/tilastot-aiheittain/lapset-nuoret-ja-perheet/varhaiskasvatus","source_type":"official","source_grade":"A","source_official":false,"confidence":"A","freshness_state":"fresh","fallback_level":null,"data_level_label":"City (thl_vaka)","aggregation":"higher_is_better","comparable":true,"selectionable":true,"trend":null,"stable_entity_id":"fi.fi-espoo","methodology_id":null,"citation_text":"Source: thl_vaka (2024-12-31), confidence A, via MigrationFit.","entity_id":"fi-espoo","entity_id_type":"city_slug"},
    
    {"metric_id":"median_age_years","domain":"demographics","value":38.5,"value_type":"number","unit":"years","date":"2024-12-31","date_observed":"2024-12-31","last_checked":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","source_id":"statfin_vaerak_11rd","source_name":"statfin_vaerak_11rd","source_url":"https://pxdata.stat.fi:443/PxWeb/api/v1/en/StatFin/vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11rd.px","source_type":"official","source_grade":"A","source_official":false,"confidence":"A","freshness_state":"fresh","fallback_level":null,"data_level_label":"Land (Zensus 2022)","aggregation":"none","comparable":true,"selectionable":false,"trend":null,"stable_entity_id":"fi.fi-espoo","methodology_id":null,"citation_text":"Source: statfin_vaerak_11rd (2024-12-31), confidence A, via MigrationFit.","entity_id":"fi-espoo","entity_id_type":"city_slug"},
    
    {"metric_id":"migration_background_share_percent","domain":"demographics","value":24.5,"value_type":"number","unit":"percent","date":"2023-12-31","date_observed":"2023-12-31","last_checked":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","source_id":"statfin_vaerak_11rd","source_name":"statfin_vaerak_11rd","source_url":"https://pxdata.stat.fi:443/PxWeb/api/v1/en/StatFin/vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11rd.px","source_type":"official","source_grade":"A","source_official":false,"confidence":"A","freshness_state":"fresh","fallback_level":null,"data_level_label":"Maakunta (statfin_vaerak_11rd)","aggregation":"none","comparable":true,"selectionable":false,"trend":null,"stable_entity_id":"fi.fi-espoo","methodology_id":null,"citation_text":"Source: statfin_vaerak_11rd (2023-12-31), confidence A, via MigrationFit.","entity_id":"fi-espoo","entity_id_type":"city_slug"},
    
    {"metric_id":"nearest_airport_destinations_count","domain":"connectivity","value":88,"value_type":"number","unit":"count","date":"2026-06-13","date_observed":"2026-06-13","last_checked":"2026-06-13T00:00:00Z","source_id":"openflights_routes_dat","source_name":"OpenFlights — routes.dat","source_url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jpatokal/openflights/master/data/routes.dat","source_type":"open_data","source_grade":"A","source_official":true,"confidence":"A","freshness_state":"fresh","fallback_level":"city","data_level_label":"Direct destinations from HEL","aggregation":"higher_is_better","comparable":true,"selectionable":true,"trend":null,"stable_entity_id":"fi.fi-espoo","methodology_id":null,"citation_text":"Source: OpenFlights — routes.dat (2026-06-13), confidence A, via MigrationFit.","entity_id":"fi-espoo","entity_id_type":"city_slug"},
    
    {"metric_id":"nearest_airport_iata","domain":"connectivity","value":"HEL","value_type":"string","unit":"code","date":"2026-06-13","date_observed":"2026-06-13","last_checked":"2026-06-13T00:00:00Z","source_id":"ourairports_airports_csv","source_name":"OurAirports — airports.csv","source_url":"https://davidmegginson.github.io/ourairports-data/airports.csv","source_type":"open_data","source_grade":"A","source_official":true,"confidence":"A","freshness_state":"fresh","fallback_level":"city","data_level_label":"City centroid to nearest scheduled-service airport","aggregation":"none","comparable":false,"selectionable":false,"trend":null,"stable_entity_id":"fi.fi-espoo","methodology_id":null,"citation_text":"Source: OurAirports — airports.csv (2026-06-13), confidence A, via MigrationFit.","entity_id":"fi-espoo","entity_id_type":"city_slug"},
    
    {"metric_id":"nearest_airport_km","domain":"connectivity","value":21.1,"value_type":"number","unit":"km","date":"2026-06-13","date_observed":"2026-06-13","last_checked":"2026-06-13T00:00:00Z","source_id":"ourairports_airports_csv","source_name":"OurAirports — airports.csv","source_url":"https://davidmegginson.github.io/ourairports-data/airports.csv","source_type":"open_data","source_grade":"A","source_official":true,"confidence":"A","freshness_state":"fresh","fallback_level":"city","data_level_label":"Great-circle distance; driving time not implied","aggregation":"lower_is_better","comparable":true,"selectionable":true,"trend":null,"stable_entity_id":"fi.fi-espoo","methodology_id":null,"citation_text":"Source: OurAirports — airports.csv (2026-06-13), confidence A, via MigrationFit.","entity_id":"fi-espoo","entity_id_type":"city_slug"},
    
    {"metric_id":"religion_other_no_religion_percent","domain":"demographics","value":32.5,"value_type":"number","unit":"percent","date":"2023-12-31","date_observed":"2023-12-31","last_checked":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","source_id":"statfin_vaerak_11rk","source_name":"statfin_vaerak_11rk","source_url":"https://pxdata.stat.fi:443/PxWeb/api/v1/en/StatFin/vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11rk.px","source_type":"official","source_grade":"A","source_official":false,"confidence":"A","freshness_state":"fresh","fallback_level":null,"data_level_label":"Maakunta (statfin_vaerak_11rk)","aggregation":"none","comparable":true,"selectionable":false,"trend":null,"stable_entity_id":"fi.fi-espoo","methodology_id":null,"citation_text":"Source: statfin_vaerak_11rk (2023-12-31), confidence A, via MigrationFit.","entity_id":"fi-espoo","entity_id_type":"city_slug"},
    
    {"metric_id":"car_density_per_1000","domain":"mobility","value":515,"value_type":"number","unit":"cars_per_1000_residents","date":"2024-12-31","date_observed":"2024-12-31","last_checked":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","source_id":"traficom_ajoneuvokanta","source_name":"traficom_ajoneuvokanta","source_url":"https://www.traficom.fi/fi/tilastot/ajoneuvokanta","source_type":"official","source_grade":"A","source_official":false,"confidence":"A","freshness_state":"fresh","fallback_level":null,"data_level_label":"City (traficom_ajoneuvokanta)","aggregation":"lower_is_better","comparable":true,"selectionable":true,"trend":null,"stable_entity_id":"fi.fi-espoo","methodology_id":null,"citation_text":"Source: traficom_ajoneuvokanta (2024-12-31), confidence A, via MigrationFit.","entity_id":"fi-espoo","entity_id_type":"city_slug"},
    
    {"metric_id":"population_projection_2040_change_percent","domain":"overview","value":15.2,"value_type":"number","unit":"percent","date":"2040-12-31","date_observed":"2040-12-31","last_checked":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","source_id":"statfin_vaerak_129f","source_name":"statfin_vaerak_129f","source_url":"https://pxdata.stat.fi:443/PxWeb/api/v1/en/StatFin/vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_129f.px","source_type":"official","source_grade":"A","source_official":false,"confidence":"A","freshness_state":"fresh","fallback_level":null,"data_level_label":"Maakunta (statfin_vaerak_129f)","aggregation":"none","comparable":true,"selectionable":false,"trend":null,"stable_entity_id":"fi.fi-espoo","methodology_id":null,"citation_text":"Source: statfin_vaerak_129f (2040-12-31), confidence A, via MigrationFit.","entity_id":"fi-espoo","entity_id_type":"city_slug"},
    
    {"metric_id":"public_transport_monthly_pass_eur","domain":"income","value":87.4,"value_type":"number","unit":"EUR","date":"2024-12-31","date_observed":"2024-12-31","last_checked":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","source_id":"hsl_helsinki","source_name":"HSL — Helsinki Region Transport","source_url":"https://www.hsl.fi/en","source_type":"official","source_grade":"A","source_official":false,"confidence":"A","freshness_state":"fresh","fallback_level":null,"data_level_label":"City","aggregation":"lower_is_better","comparable":true,"selectionable":false,"trend":null,"stable_entity_id":"fi.fi-espoo","methodology_id":null,"citation_text":"Source: HSL — Helsinki Region Transport (2024-12-31), confidence A, via MigrationFit.","entity_id":"fi-espoo","entity_id_type":"city_slug"},
    
    {"metric_id":"crime_incidents_per_100k","domain":"safety","value":7800,"value_type":"number","unit":"crimes_per_100k","date":"2024-12-31","date_observed":"2024-12-31","last_checked":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","source_id":"statfin_polrik","source_name":"Tilastokeskus — POLRIK crime","source_url":"https://pxdata.stat.fi:443/PxWeb/api/v1/en/StatFin/polrik/","source_type":"official","source_grade":"A","source_official":false,"confidence":"A","freshness_state":"fresh","fallback_level":null,"data_level_label":"City (Tilastokeskus POLRIK/TIEL annual)","aggregation":"lower_is_better","comparable":true,"selectionable":true,"trend":null,"stable_entity_id":"fi.fi-espoo","methodology_id":null,"citation_text":"Source: Tilastokeskus — POLRIK crime (2024-12-31), confidence A, via MigrationFit.","entity_id":"fi-espoo","entity_id_type":"city_slug"},
    
    {"metric_id":"unemployment_total_percent","domain":"work","value":7.2,"value_type":"number","unit":"percent","date":"2026-04-30","date_observed":"2026-04-30","last_checked":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","source_id":"unemployment_v_rate_v_percent","source_name":"KEHA Centre / TEM — monthly unemployment bulletin","source_url":"https://www.temtyollisyyskatsaus.fi/","source_type":"official","source_grade":"A","source_official":false,"confidence":"A","freshness_state":"fresh","fallback_level":null,"data_level_label":"City (PxWeb / Vero / Migri / THL / Traficom / FMI)","aggregation":"lower_is_better","comparable":true,"selectionable":true,"trend":null,"stable_entity_id":"fi.fi-espoo","methodology_id":null,"citation_text":"Source: KEHA Centre / TEM — monthly unemployment bulletin (2026-04-30), confidence A, via MigrationFit.","entity_id":"fi-espoo","entity_id_type":"city_slug"},
    
    {"metric_id":"foreign_population_share_percent","domain":"demographics","value":17.8,"value_type":"number","unit":"percent","date":"2024-12-31","date_observed":"2024-12-31","last_checked":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","source_id":"statfin_vaerak_159t","source_name":"Tilastokeskus — Immigrant background by area (vaerak/159t)","source_url":"https://pxdata.stat.fi:443/PxWeb/api/v1/en/StatFin/vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_159t.px","source_type":"official","source_grade":"A","source_official":false,"confidence":"A","freshness_state":"fresh","fallback_level":null,"data_level_label":"City / municipality","aggregation":"higher_is_better","comparable":true,"selectionable":true,"trend":null,"stable_entity_id":"fi.fi-espoo","methodology_id":null,"citation_text":"Source: Tilastokeskus — Immigrant background by area (vaerak/159t) (2024-12-31), confidence A, via MigrationFit.","entity_id":"fi-espoo","entity_id_type":"city_slug"},
    
    {"metric_id":"green_space_share_percent","domain":"environment","value":45,"value_type":"number","unit":"percent","date":"2024-12-31","date_observed":"2024-12-31","last_checked":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","source_id":"syke_corine_land_cover","source_name":"syke_corine_land_cover","source_url":"https://www.syke.fi/en-US/Research__Development","source_type":"official","source_grade":"A","source_official":false,"confidence":"A","freshness_state":"fresh","fallback_level":null,"data_level_label":"City (syke_corine_land_cover)","aggregation":"higher_is_better","comparable":true,"selectionable":false,"trend":null,"stable_entity_id":"fi.fi-espoo","methodology_id":null,"citation_text":"Source: syke_corine_land_cover (2024-12-31), confidence A, via MigrationFit.","entity_id":"fi-espoo","entity_id_type":"city_slug"},
    
    {"metric_id":"groceries_monthly_eur","domain":"cost","value":360,"value_type":"currency","unit":"EUR/month","date":"2024-12-31","date_observed":"2024-12-31","last_checked":"2026-06-12T10:00:00Z","source_id":"eurostat_prc_ppp_ind","source_name":"Eurostat — Comparative price levels and HICP (prc_ppp_ind, prc_hicp_midx)","source_url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/prc_ppp_ind/default/table","source_type":"official","source_grade":"A","source_official":true,"confidence":"B","freshness_state":"fresh","fallback_level":"country_level_estimate","data_level_label":"Country average (Eurostat prc_ppp_ind groceries & household services PLI, EU27=100 baseline converted to EUR via HICP)","aggregation":"lower_is_better","comparable":false,"selectionable":false,"trend":null,"stable_entity_id":"fi.fi-espoo","methodology_id":null,"citation_text":"Source: Eurostat — Comparative price levels and HICP (prc_ppp_ind, prc_hicp_midx) (2024-12-31), confidence B, via MigrationFit.","entity_id":"fi-espoo","entity_id_type":"city_slug"},
    
    {"metric_id":"net_income_couple_eur_month","domain":"cost","value":3251,"value_type":"currency","unit":"EUR/month","date":"2024-12-31","date_observed":"2024-12-31","last_checked":"2026-06-12T10:00:00Z","source_id":"oecd_taxing_wedges","source_name":"OECD — Taxing Wages (DF_TAXINGWAGES) tax wedge and net income","source_url":"https://www.oecd.org/tax/taxing-wages-20725120.htm","source_type":"intergovernmental","source_grade":"B","source_official":false,"confidence":"B","freshness_state":"fresh","fallback_level":"country_level_estimate","data_level_label":"Country average (married one earner, 100% average wage; DE primary from BMF Lohnsteuer Steuerklasse III, other countries from OECD Taxing Wages)","aggregation":"higher_is_better","comparable":false,"selectionable":false,"trend":null,"stable_entity_id":"fi.fi-espoo","methodology_id":null,"citation_text":"Source: OECD — Taxing Wages (DF_TAXINGWAGES) tax wedge and net income (2024-12-31), confidence B, via MigrationFit.","entity_id":"fi-espoo","entity_id_type":"city_slug"},
    
    {"metric_id":"net_income_eur_month","domain":"cost","value":2767,"value_type":"currency","unit":"EUR/month","date":"2024-12-31","date_observed":"2024-12-31","last_checked":"2026-06-12T10:00:00Z","source_id":"oecd_taxing_wedges","source_name":"OECD — Taxing Wages (DF_TAXINGWAGES) tax wedge and net income","source_url":"https://www.oecd.org/tax/taxing-wages-20725120.htm","source_type":"intergovernmental","source_grade":"B","source_official":false,"confidence":"B","freshness_state":"fresh","fallback_level":"country_level_estimate","data_level_label":"Country average (single, 100% average wage; DE primary from BMF Lohnsteuer, other countries from OECD Taxing Wages)","aggregation":"higher_is_better","comparable":false,"selectionable":false,"trend":null,"stable_entity_id":"fi.fi-espoo","methodology_id":null,"citation_text":"Source: OECD — Taxing Wages (DF_TAXINGWAGES) tax wedge and net income (2024-12-31), confidence B, via MigrationFit.","entity_id":"fi-espoo","entity_id_type":"city_slug"},
    
    {"metric_id":"net_income_family_eur_month","domain":"cost","value":3718,"value_type":"currency","unit":"EUR/month","date":"2024-12-31","date_observed":"2024-12-31","last_checked":"2026-06-12T10:00:00Z","source_id":"oecd_taxing_wedges","source_name":"OECD — Taxing Wages (DF_TAXINGWAGES) tax wedge and net income","source_url":"https://www.oecd.org/tax/taxing-wages-20725120.htm","source_type":"intergovernmental","source_grade":"B","source_official":false,"confidence":"B","freshness_state":"fresh","fallback_level":"country_level_estimate","data_level_label":"Country average (married one earner with two children, 100% average wage; DE primary from BMF Lohnsteuer Steuerklasse III with Kindergeld considered, other countries from OECD Taxing Wages)","aggregation":"higher_is_better","comparable":false,"selectionable":false,"trend":null,"stable_entity_id":"fi.fi-espoo","methodology_id":null,"citation_text":"Source: OECD — Taxing Wages (DF_TAXINGWAGES) tax wedge and net income (2024-12-31), confidence B, via MigrationFit.","entity_id":"fi-espoo","entity_id_type":"city_slug"},
    
    {"metric_id":"population_density_per_km2","domain":"overview","value":977,"value_type":"number","unit":"persons_per_km2","date":"2024-12-31","date_observed":"2024-12-31","last_checked":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","source_id":"statfin_vaerak_11ra_maanmittauslaitos","source_name":"statfin_vaerak_11ra_maanmittauslaitos","source_url":"https://pxdata.stat.fi:443/PxWeb/api/v1/en/StatFin/vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11ra.px","source_type":"official","source_grade":"A","source_official":false,"confidence":"A","freshness_state":"fresh","fallback_level":null,"data_level_label":"City (statfin_vaerak_11ra_maanmittauslaitos)","aggregation":"none","comparable":true,"selectionable":false,"trend":null,"stable_entity_id":"fi.fi-espoo","methodology_id":null,"citation_text":"Source: statfin_vaerak_11ra_maanmittauslaitos (2024-12-31), confidence A, via MigrationFit.","entity_id":"fi-espoo","entity_id_type":"city_slug"},
    
    {"metric_id":"rent_deposit_months","domain":"housing","value":2,"value_type":"number","unit":"months","date":"2024-01-01","date_observed":"2024-01-01","last_checked":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","source_id":"vuokralaki_481_1994","source_name":"vuokralaki_481_1994","source_url":"https://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/1994/19940481","source_type":"official","source_grade":"A","source_official":false,"confidence":"A","freshness_state":"fresh","fallback_level":null,"data_level_label":"National (vuokralaki_481_1994)","aggregation":"lower_is_better","comparable":true,"selectionable":false,"trend":null,"stable_entity_id":"fi.fi-espoo","methodology_id":null,"citation_text":"Source: vuokralaki_481_1994 (2024-01-01), confidence A, via MigrationFit.","entity_id":"fi-espoo","entity_id_type":"city_slug"},
    
    {"metric_id":"utilities_monthly_eur","domain":"cost","value":51,"value_type":"currency","unit":"EUR/month","date":"2024-12-31","date_observed":"2024-12-31","last_checked":"2026-06-12T10:00:00Z","source_id":"eurostat_nrg_pc_energy","source_name":"Eurostat — Household energy prices (nrg_pc_204 electricity, nrg_pc_202 gas)","source_url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_204/default/table","source_type":"official","source_grade":"A","source_official":true,"confidence":"B","freshness_state":"fresh","fallback_level":"country_level_estimate","data_level_label":"Country average (Eurostat nrg_pc_204 electricity band 1D + nrg_pc_202 gas band D2, weighted by national consumption mix and heating-degree-day share)","aggregation":"lower_is_better","comparable":false,"selectionable":false,"trend":null,"stable_entity_id":"fi.fi-espoo","methodology_id":null,"citation_text":"Source: Eurostat — Household energy prices (nrg_pc_204 electricity, nrg_pc_202 gas) (2024-12-31), confidence B, via MigrationFit.","entity_id":"fi-espoo","entity_id_type":"city_slug"}
    
  ],
  "country_context_metric_values": [
    
  ],
  "relocation": null,
  "cost_snapshot": null,
  "links": {
    "page": "/cities/fi/fi-espoo/",
    "legacy_page": "/cities/fi-espoo/",
    "page_url": "https://migrationfit.com/cities/fi/fi-espoo/",
    "md_url": "https://migrationfit.com/cities/fi/fi-espoo/index.md",
    "data_url": "https://migrationfit.com/data/cities/fi/fi-espoo.json",
    "legacy_data_url": "https://migrationfit.com/data/cities/fi-espoo.json",
    
    "official_handoff_notes": ["Imported from accepted Finland collection data for publication on 2026-06-12.","Population 305274 (2024-12-31).","Area 312.36 km2."],
    
    "official_handoff": [
      
      {
        "label": "Statistics portal",
        "name": "Finland official statistics",
        "url": "https://migrationfit.com/methodology/",
        "checked": "2026-06-12"
      }
      
    ]
    
  }
}