{
  "schema_version": "migrationfit-export-v2",
  "data_version": "2026-06-12",
  "generated_at": "2026-06-12",
  "type": "LegalPassport",
  "passport_id": "us",
  "passport_name": "United States",
  "rule_count": 13,
  "indexability": "indexable",
  "html_url": "https://migrationfit.com/legal/passport/us/",
  "rules": [{"id":"us-at-short-stay","passport_id":"us","passport_name":"United States","destination_code":"at","destination_name":"Austria","destination_slug":"austria","destination_url":"/countries/austria/","entry_mode":"visa_free","max_stay_days":90,"max_stay_label":"90 days","duration_notes":"90 days in any 180-day rolling Schengen period.","work_allowed":null,"permit_obtained_via":"No Schengen visa required. US listed in EU Regulation 2018/1806 Annex II.","conditions":["Valid US passport","Sufficient funds for stay","Return or onward ticket"],"fee":{"currency":"EUR","amount":0,"applies_to":"per person","notes":"No Schengen visa fee."},"special_zones":[],"notes":["No Schengen visa required. US listed in EU Regulation 2018/1806 Annex II.","90 days in any 180-day rolling Schengen period.","Layer 1: visa-free 90/180 Schengen. Layer 2 (work/residence): Austrian Red-White-Red Card (Rot-Weiss-Rot-Karte) — points-based work permit for non-EU skilled workers; EU Blue Card also available. Residence title required for stays >90 days, obtained at Austrian embassy/consulate before arrival. Layer 3 (PR): settlement permit (Niederlassungsbewilligung Unbefristet) after 5 years; Austrian citizenship after 10 years legal residence (reduced to 6 years for exceptional cases)."],"source_ids":["eu_regulation_2018_1806_annex_ii","austria_bmi_gov"],"sources":[{"id":"eu_regulation_2018_1806_annex_ii","label":"EU Regulation (EU) 2018/1806 — Annex II (Visa-Free List)","url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02018R1806-20240401","authority_tier":"Tier 1 — Official EU legislation (European Parliament & Council)","description":"Lists third-country nationals exempt from Schengen short-stay visa requirements. Annex II includes: US, Canada, Australia, UK (post-Brexit), Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, Venezuela, Ukraine, and all EU/EEA member state nationals via freedom of movement.","date_reviewed":null,"official":true},{"id":"austria_bmi_gov","label":"Austria — Federal Ministry of the Interior (BMI) — Immigration & Residence","url":"https://www.bmi.gv.at/412/start.aspx","authority_tier":"Tier 1 — Official Austrian Federal Government","description":"Official source for Austrian residence and work permits, including Red-White-Red Card (points-based skilled worker permit), EU Blue Card, and settlement permit requirements. Citizenship after 10 years legal residence (reduced to 6 years in exceptional cases).","date_reviewed":null,"official":true}],"confidence":"A","freshness_state":"fresh","last_checked":"2026-06-07T00:00:00Z","date_observed":"2026-06-07"},{"id":"us-bg-short-stay","passport_id":"us","passport_name":"United States","destination_code":"bg","destination_name":"Bulgaria","destination_slug":null,"destination_url":null,"entry_mode":"visa_free","max_stay_days":90,"max_stay_label":"90 days","duration_notes":"within any 180-day rolling period (Schengen-wide)","work_allowed":null,"permit_obtained_via":"No Schengen visa required. 90 days visa-free in any 180-day rolling Schengen period; no work right on short stay.","conditions":["Valid passport (recommended 3-6 months validity beyond planned stay)","Sufficient funds for stay","Return or onward ticket","Tourism, business, or short family visit only — no paid work without permit"],"fee":{"currency":"EUR","amount":0,"applies_to":"per person","notes":"No short-stay visa fee."},"special_zones":[],"notes":["No Schengen visa required. 90 days visa-free in any 180-day rolling Schengen period; no work right on short stay.","within any 180-day rolling period (Schengen-wide)","Layer 1: visa-free 90/180 days Schengen (short-stay tourism/business/family only; no work right). Layer 2 (work/residence): national D-visa or equivalent permit required before arrival. Layer 3 (PR): long-term residence / EU long-term resident status after 5 years lawful residence (EU Long-Term Residents Directive 2003/109/EC); citizenship per national law of Bulgaria."],"source_ids":["eu_regulation_2018_1806_annex_ii","eu_regulation_2018_1806_annex_i","eu_visa_code_810_2009","bg_bulgaria"],"sources":[{"id":"eu_regulation_2018_1806_annex_ii","label":"EU Regulation (EU) 2018/1806 — Annex II (Visa-Free List)","url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02018R1806-20240401","authority_tier":"Tier 1 — Official EU legislation (European Parliament & Council)","description":"Lists third-country nationals exempt from Schengen short-stay visa requirements. Annex II includes: US, Canada, Australia, UK (post-Brexit), Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, Venezuela, Ukraine, and all EU/EEA member state nationals via freedom of movement.","date_reviewed":null,"official":true},{"id":"eu_regulation_2018_1806_annex_i","label":"EU Regulation (EU) 2018/1806 — Annex I (Visa-Required List)","url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02018R1806-20240401","authority_tier":"Tier 1 — Official EU legislation","description":"Lists third-country nationals who must hold a Schengen visa for short stays. Annex I includes: Turkey, India, Russia, China, Nigeria, South Africa, Philippines, and many others.","date_reviewed":null,"official":true},{"id":"eu_visa_code_810_2009","label":"EU Visa Code — Regulation (EC) No 810/2009","url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02009R0810-20200202","authority_tier":"Tier 1 — Official EU legislation","description":"Sets Schengen visa fee (currently €80 for adults, €40 for children 6-12) and procedural requirements for all Schengen visa applications.","date_reviewed":null,"official":true},{"id":"bg_bulgaria","label":"Bulgaria — Ministry of Interior / Migration Directorate","url":"https://www.mvr.bg/","authority_tier":"Tier 1 — Official Bulgarian Government immigration authority","description":"Official Bulgarian government migration authority used for Bulgaria destination rows, together with Schengen legislation for short stays after Bulgaria's full Schengen entry. The local June 2026 import adds the full 198-passport Bulgaria matrix from the round scaffold.","date_reviewed":null,"official":true}],"confidence":"A","freshness_state":"fresh","last_checked":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","date_observed":"2026-06-12"},{"id":"us-cz-short-stay","passport_id":"us","passport_name":"United States","destination_code":"cz","destination_name":"Czechia","destination_slug":"czechia","destination_url":"/countries/czechia/","entry_mode":"visa_free","max_stay_days":90,"max_stay_label":"90 days","duration_notes":"90 days in any 180-day rolling Schengen period.","work_allowed":null,"permit_obtained_via":"No Schengen visa required. US listed in EU Regulation 2018/1806 Annex II.","conditions":["Valid US passport","Sufficient funds for stay","Return or onward ticket"],"fee":{"currency":"EUR","amount":0,"applies_to":"per person","notes":"No Schengen visa fee."},"special_zones":[],"notes":["No Schengen visa required. US listed in EU Regulation 2018/1806 Annex II.","90 days in any 180-day rolling Schengen period.","Layer 1: visa-free 90/180 Schengen. Layer 2 (work/residence): Czech long-term residence permit (povolení k dlouhodobému pobytu) required for work; EU Blue Card available for degree-holders with qualifying job offer; Employee Card (Zaměstnanecká karta) for other employees. Layer 3 (PR): permanent residence permit after 5 years; Czech citizenship after 5 years permanent residence (minimum 10 years in Czech Republic total)."],"source_ids":["eu_regulation_2018_1806_annex_ii","czechia_mzv_gov"],"sources":[{"id":"eu_regulation_2018_1806_annex_ii","label":"EU Regulation (EU) 2018/1806 — Annex II (Visa-Free List)","url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02018R1806-20240401","authority_tier":"Tier 1 — Official EU legislation (European Parliament & Council)","description":"Lists third-country nationals exempt from Schengen short-stay visa requirements. Annex II includes: US, Canada, Australia, UK (post-Brexit), Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, Venezuela, Ukraine, and all EU/EEA member state nationals via freedom of movement.","date_reviewed":null,"official":true},{"id":"czechia_mzv_gov","label":"Czech Republic — Ministry of Foreign Affairs — Visa and Residence Information","url":"https://www.mzv.gov.cz/jnp/en/information_for_aliens/index.html","authority_tier":"Tier 1 — Official Czech Republic government","description":"Official source for Czech visa requirements and long-term residence permits (Employee Card, EU Blue Card, long-term residence permit). Confirms Schengen Annex II exemption for US and Ukrainians (biometric); 5-year PR requirement.","date_reviewed":null,"official":true}],"confidence":"A","freshness_state":"fresh","last_checked":"2026-06-07T00:00:00Z","date_observed":"2026-06-07"},{"id":"us-fi-short-stay","passport_id":"us","passport_name":"United States","destination_code":"fi","destination_name":"Finland","destination_slug":"finland","destination_url":"/countries/finland/","entry_mode":"visa_free","max_stay_days":90,"max_stay_label":"90 days","duration_notes":"within any 180-day rolling period (Schengen-wide)","work_allowed":null,"permit_obtained_via":"No Schengen visa required. 90 days visa-free in any 180-day rolling Schengen period; no work right on short stay.","conditions":["Valid passport (recommended 3-6 months validity beyond planned stay)","Sufficient funds for stay","Return or onward ticket","Tourism, business, or short family visit only — no paid work without permit"],"fee":{"currency":"EUR","amount":0,"applies_to":"per person","notes":"No short-stay visa fee."},"special_zones":[],"notes":["No Schengen visa required. 90 days visa-free in any 180-day rolling Schengen period; no work right on short stay.","within any 180-day rolling period (Schengen-wide)","Layer 1: visa-free 90/180 days Schengen (short-stay tourism/business/family only; no work right). Layer 2 (work/residence): national D-visa or equivalent permit required before arrival. Layer 3 (PR): long-term residence / EU long-term resident status after 5 years lawful residence (EU Long-Term Residents Directive 2003/109/EC); citizenship per national law of Finland."],"source_ids":["eu_regulation_2018_1806_annex_ii","eu_regulation_2018_1806_annex_i","eu_visa_code_810_2009","fi_finnish"],"sources":[{"id":"eu_regulation_2018_1806_annex_ii","label":"EU Regulation (EU) 2018/1806 — Annex II (Visa-Free List)","url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02018R1806-20240401","authority_tier":"Tier 1 — Official EU legislation (European Parliament & Council)","description":"Lists third-country nationals exempt from Schengen short-stay visa requirements. Annex II includes: US, Canada, Australia, UK (post-Brexit), Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, Venezuela, Ukraine, and all EU/EEA member state nationals via freedom of movement.","date_reviewed":null,"official":true},{"id":"eu_regulation_2018_1806_annex_i","label":"EU Regulation (EU) 2018/1806 — Annex I (Visa-Required List)","url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02018R1806-20240401","authority_tier":"Tier 1 — Official EU legislation","description":"Lists third-country nationals who must hold a Schengen visa for short stays. Annex I includes: Turkey, India, Russia, China, Nigeria, South Africa, Philippines, and many others.","date_reviewed":null,"official":true},{"id":"eu_visa_code_810_2009","label":"EU Visa Code — Regulation (EC) No 810/2009","url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02009R0810-20200202","authority_tier":"Tier 1 — Official EU legislation","description":"Sets Schengen visa fee (currently €80 for adults, €40 for children 6-12) and procedural requirements for all Schengen visa applications.","date_reviewed":null,"official":true}],"confidence":"A","freshness_state":"fresh","last_checked":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","date_observed":"2026-06-12"},{"id":"us-de-short-stay","passport_id":"us","passport_name":"United States","destination_code":"de","destination_name":"Germany","destination_slug":"germany","destination_url":"/countries/germany/","entry_mode":"visa_free","max_stay_days":90,"max_stay_label":"90 days","duration_notes":"90 days in any 180-day rolling period across the entire Schengen Area (not per country). Working or residing longer requires a national visa (D-visa) obtained before arrival.","work_allowed":null,"permit_obtained_via":"No visa required for short stays. Entry at border with valid US passport.","conditions":["Valid US passport (recommended 3 months validity beyond planned stay)","Sufficient funds for stay","Return or onward ticket","Tourism, business meetings, or short-term study only — no paid work permitted on short stay"],"fee":{"currency":"EUR","amount":0,"applies_to":"per person","notes":"No Schengen visa fee for US citizens."},"special_zones":[],"notes":["No visa required for short stays. Entry at border with valid US passport.","90 days in any 180-day rolling period across the entire Schengen Area (not per country). Working or residing longer requires a national visa (D-visa) obtained before arrival.","Layer 1 (entry): visa-free 90/180 days Schengen. Layer 2 (work/residence): requires German national D-visa (work visa for qualified professionals or EU Blue Card) obtained via German consulate before arrival; employer contract + credential recognition required; Federal Employment Agency approval typically needed. Layer 3 (PR): settlement permit (Niederlassungserlaubnis) after 4 years employment + language B1 + pension contributions; naturalisation after 5 years residence (reduced to 3 for special contributions). Sources: make-it-in-germany.com (official Federal Government portal), EU Regulation 2018/1806 Annex II."],"source_ids":["eu_regulation_2018_1806_annex_ii","make_it_in_germany_visa_procedure","us_state_dept_germany"],"sources":[{"id":"eu_regulation_2018_1806_annex_ii","label":"EU Regulation (EU) 2018/1806 — Annex II (Visa-Free List)","url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02018R1806-20240401","authority_tier":"Tier 1 — Official EU legislation (European Parliament & Council)","description":"Lists third-country nationals exempt from Schengen short-stay visa requirements. Annex II includes: US, Canada, Australia, UK (post-Brexit), Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, Venezuela, Ukraine, and all EU/EEA member state nationals via freedom of movement.","date_reviewed":null,"official":true},{"id":"make_it_in_germany_visa_procedure","label":"Make it in Germany — Official Federal Government Portal (Germany)","url":"https://www.make-it-in-germany.com/en/visa-residence/procedure/entry-process","authority_tier":"Tier 1 — Official German Federal Government portal operated by BMAS/BA/BAMF","description":"Describes visa and entry process for Germany, including which nationalities are visa-exempt (Schengen Annex II), how to apply for D-visa, EU Blue Card, work permits, and settlement permit routes.","date_reviewed":"2026-05-27 (page meta-date), accessed 2026-06-07","official":true},{"id":"us_state_dept_germany","label":"US Department of State — Germany Travel Information","url":"https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/international-travel/International-Travel-Country-Information-Pages/Germany.html","authority_tier":"Tier 1 — Official US Government","description":"US State Department travel page for Germany: confirms visa-free Schengen access for US passport holders, 90/180-day rule, and ETIAS pre-travel requirement (launch pending as of 2026).","date_reviewed":null,"official":true}],"confidence":"A","freshness_state":"fresh","last_checked":"2026-06-07T00:00:00Z","date_observed":"2026-06-07"},{"id":"us-ie-short-stay","passport_id":"us","passport_name":"United States","destination_code":"ie","destination_name":"Ireland","destination_slug":null,"destination_url":null,"entry_mode":"must_verify","max_stay_days":null,"max_stay_label":null,"duration_notes":null,"work_allowed":null,"permit_obtained_via":"National visa policy for this passport must be confirmed against the official immigration portal: https://www.irishimmigration.ie/","conditions":[],"fee":null,"special_zones":[],"notes":["National visa policy for this passport must be confirmed against the official immigration portal: https://www.irishimmigration.ie/"],"source_ids":["ie_irish"],"sources":[{"id":"ie_irish","label":"Ireland — Irish Immigration Service / Department of Justice","url":"https://www.irishimmigration.ie/","authority_tier":"Tier 1 — Official Irish Government immigration portal","description":"Official Irish immigration portal used for Ireland destination rows. In this June 2026 scaffold, 31 passport pairs are already structured as visa-free and 167 remain honest `must_verify` placeholders until the destination-specific official visa matrix is fully confirmed on the same authority stack.","date_reviewed":null,"official":true}],"confidence":"A","freshness_state":"fresh","last_checked":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","date_observed":"2026-06-12"},{"id":"us-nl-short-stay","passport_id":"us","passport_name":"United States","destination_code":"nl","destination_name":"Netherlands","destination_slug":"netherlands","destination_url":"/countries/netherlands/","entry_mode":"visa_free","max_stay_days":90,"max_stay_label":"90 days","duration_notes":"90 days in any 180-day rolling Schengen period.","work_allowed":null,"permit_obtained_via":"No Schengen visa required. US listed in EU Regulation 2018/1806 Annex II.","conditions":["Valid US passport","Sufficient funds for stay","Return or onward ticket"],"fee":{"currency":"EUR","amount":0,"applies_to":"per person","notes":"No Schengen visa fee."},"special_zones":[],"notes":["No Schengen visa required. US listed in EU Regulation 2018/1806 Annex II.","90 days in any 180-day rolling Schengen period.","Layer 1: visa-free 90/180 Schengen. Layer 2 (work/residence): MVV (Machtiging tot Voorlopig Verblijf) authorization for provisional stay required before entry for stays >90 days; residence permit (verblijfsvergunning) issued after arrival; EU Blue Card, Highly Skilled Migrant (Kennismigrant) permit (min. gross salary €5,688/month for ≥30 years, €4,171/month for <30 years as of 2024), or Orientation Year permit for graduates. Layer 3 (PR): permanent residence (verblijfsvergunning voor onbepaalde tijd) after 5 years; Dutch citizenship after 5 years permanent residence."],"source_ids":["eu_regulation_2018_1806_annex_ii","netherlands_ind_gov"],"sources":[{"id":"eu_regulation_2018_1806_annex_ii","label":"EU Regulation (EU) 2018/1806 — Annex II (Visa-Free List)","url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02018R1806-20240401","authority_tier":"Tier 1 — Official EU legislation (European Parliament & Council)","description":"Lists third-country nationals exempt from Schengen short-stay visa requirements. Annex II includes: US, Canada, Australia, UK (post-Brexit), Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, Venezuela, Ukraine, and all EU/EEA member state nationals via freedom of movement.","date_reviewed":null,"official":true},{"id":"netherlands_ind_gov","label":"Netherlands — Immigration and Naturalisation Service (IND)","url":"https://ind.nl/en","authority_tier":"Tier 1 — Official Dutch Government agency","description":"Official Dutch immigration authority. Source for MVV (Machtiging tot Voorlopig Verblijf) authorization requirement, Highly Skilled Migrant (Kennismigrant) permit salary thresholds (2024: ≥30 years = €5,688/month gross; <30 years = €4,171/month gross), Orientation Year permit, and permanent residence rules.","date_reviewed":null,"official":true}],"confidence":"A","freshness_state":"fresh","last_checked":"2026-06-07T00:00:00Z","date_observed":"2026-06-07"},{"id":"us-no-short-stay","passport_id":"us","passport_name":"United States","destination_code":"no","destination_name":"Norway","destination_slug":"norway","destination_url":"/countries/norway/","entry_mode":"visa_free","max_stay_days":90,"max_stay_label":"90 days","duration_notes":"within any 180-day rolling period (Schengen-wide)","work_allowed":null,"permit_obtained_via":"No Schengen visa required. 90 days visa-free in any 180-day rolling Schengen period; no work right on short stay.","conditions":["Valid passport (recommended 3-6 months validity beyond planned stay)","Sufficient funds for stay","Return or onward ticket","Tourism, business, or short family visit only — no paid work without permit"],"fee":{"currency":"EUR","amount":0,"applies_to":"per person","notes":"No short-stay visa fee."},"special_zones":[],"notes":["No Schengen visa required. 90 days visa-free in any 180-day rolling Schengen period; no work right on short stay.","within any 180-day rolling period (Schengen-wide)","Layer 1: visa-free 90/180 days Schengen (short-stay tourism/business/family only; no work right). Layer 2 (work/residence): national D-visa or equivalent permit required before arrival. Layer 3 (PR): long-term residence / EU long-term resident status after 5 years lawful residence (EU Long-Term Residents Directive 2003/109/EC); citizenship per national law of Norway."],"source_ids":["eu_regulation_2018_1806_annex_ii","eu_regulation_2018_1806_annex_i","eu_visa_code_810_2009","no_norwegia"],"sources":[{"id":"eu_regulation_2018_1806_annex_ii","label":"EU Regulation (EU) 2018/1806 — Annex II (Visa-Free List)","url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02018R1806-20240401","authority_tier":"Tier 1 — Official EU legislation (European Parliament & Council)","description":"Lists third-country nationals exempt from Schengen short-stay visa requirements. Annex II includes: US, Canada, Australia, UK (post-Brexit), Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, Venezuela, Ukraine, and all EU/EEA member state nationals via freedom of movement.","date_reviewed":null,"official":true},{"id":"eu_regulation_2018_1806_annex_i","label":"EU Regulation (EU) 2018/1806 — Annex I (Visa-Required List)","url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02018R1806-20240401","authority_tier":"Tier 1 — Official EU legislation","description":"Lists third-country nationals who must hold a Schengen visa for short stays. Annex I includes: Turkey, India, Russia, China, Nigeria, South Africa, Philippines, and many others.","date_reviewed":null,"official":true},{"id":"eu_visa_code_810_2009","label":"EU Visa Code — Regulation (EC) No 810/2009","url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02009R0810-20200202","authority_tier":"Tier 1 — Official EU legislation","description":"Sets Schengen visa fee (currently €80 for adults, €40 for children 6-12) and procedural requirements for all Schengen visa applications.","date_reviewed":null,"official":true}],"confidence":"A","freshness_state":"fresh","last_checked":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","date_observed":"2026-06-12"},{"id":"us-pl-short-stay","passport_id":"us","passport_name":"United States","destination_code":"pl","destination_name":"Poland","destination_slug":"poland","destination_url":"/countries/poland/","entry_mode":"visa_free","max_stay_days":90,"max_stay_label":"90 days","duration_notes":"90 days in any 180-day rolling Schengen period.","work_allowed":null,"permit_obtained_via":"No Schengen visa required. US listed in EU Regulation 2018/1806 Annex II.","conditions":["Valid US passport","Sufficient funds for stay","Return or onward ticket"],"fee":{"currency":"EUR","amount":0,"applies_to":"per person","notes":"No Schengen visa fee."},"special_zones":[],"notes":["No Schengen visa required. US listed in EU Regulation 2018/1806 Annex II.","90 days in any 180-day rolling Schengen period.","Layer 1: visa-free 90/180 Schengen. Layer 2 (work/residence): Polish national D-visa required for work; temporary residence and work permit (karta pobytu) processed after arrival within 60 days; EU Blue Card available. Layer 3 (PR): permanent residence permit (karta stałego pobytu) after 5 years continuous legal residence; citizenship after 3 years with permanent residence or 5 years continuous residence with knowledge of Polish language."],"source_ids":["eu_regulation_2018_1806_annex_ii","poland_udsc_gov"],"sources":[{"id":"eu_regulation_2018_1806_annex_ii","label":"EU Regulation (EU) 2018/1806 — Annex II (Visa-Free List)","url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02018R1806-20240401","authority_tier":"Tier 1 — Official EU legislation (European Parliament & Council)","description":"Lists third-country nationals exempt from Schengen short-stay visa requirements. Annex II includes: US, Canada, Australia, UK (post-Brexit), Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, Venezuela, Ukraine, and all EU/EEA member state nationals via freedom of movement.","date_reviewed":null,"official":true},{"id":"poland_udsc_gov","label":"Poland — Urząd do Spraw Cudzoziemców (UDSC) — Office for Foreigners","url":"https://www.gov.pl/web/udsc-en","authority_tier":"Tier 1 — Official Polish Government agency","description":"Official portal for foreigners' residence and work permits in Poland, including temporary residence and work permits (karta pobytu), permanent residence permit (karta stałego pobytu) after 5 years, EU Blue Card, and naturalisation requirements.","date_reviewed":null,"official":true}],"confidence":"A","freshness_state":"fresh","last_checked":"2026-06-07T00:00:00Z","date_observed":"2026-06-07"},{"id":"us-pt-short-stay","passport_id":"us","passport_name":"United States","destination_code":"pt","destination_name":"Portugal","destination_slug":"portugal","destination_url":"/countries/portugal/","entry_mode":"visa_free","max_stay_days":90,"max_stay_label":"90 days","duration_notes":"90 days in any 180-day rolling Schengen period across all Schengen states.","work_allowed":null,"permit_obtained_via":"No Schengen visa required. US listed in EU Regulation 2018/1806 Annex II. Enter at Portuguese border with valid US passport.","conditions":["Valid US passport","Sufficient funds for stay","Return or onward ticket","Tourism or business short stays only — no work without residence permit"],"fee":{"currency":"EUR","amount":0,"applies_to":"per person","notes":"No Schengen visa fee."},"special_zones":[],"notes":["No Schengen visa required. US listed in EU Regulation 2018/1806 Annex II. Enter at Portuguese border with valid US passport.","90 days in any 180-day rolling Schengen period across all Schengen states.","Layer 1 (entry): visa-free 90/180 Schengen. Layer 2 (work/residence): non-EU nationals must obtain Portuguese national D-visa before arrival; options include: D7 Passive Income/Retirement visa (min. ~€820/month net income 2024, equivalent to Portuguese minimum wage), D8 Digital Nomad visa (min. €3,280/month net income = 4x minimum wage, or €1,640/month if staying ≤12 months), D3 Highly Qualified Activity visa, D2 Entrepreneur visa. Permits obtained at Portuguese consulate before arrival; then AIMA (Agency for Integration, Migration and Asylum) appointment in Portugal for residence card. Layer 3 (PR/citizenship): long-term residence after 5 years; Portuguese citizenship after 5 years legal residence (lowered from 6 years in 2020 reform, Law 2/2020)."],"source_ids":["eu_regulation_2018_1806_annex_ii","portugal_aima_residence","portugal_vistos_mne"],"sources":[{"id":"eu_regulation_2018_1806_annex_ii","label":"EU Regulation (EU) 2018/1806 — Annex II (Visa-Free List)","url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02018R1806-20240401","authority_tier":"Tier 1 — Official EU legislation (European Parliament & Council)","description":"Lists third-country nationals exempt from Schengen short-stay visa requirements. Annex II includes: US, Canada, Australia, UK (post-Brexit), Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, Venezuela, Ukraine, and all EU/EEA member state nationals via freedom of movement.","date_reviewed":null,"official":true},{"id":"portugal_aima_residence","label":"Portugal AIMA (Agency for Integration, Migration and Asylum) — Residence Permits","url":"https://aima.gov.pt/en/residence/residence-permits","authority_tier":"Tier 1 — Official Portuguese Government agency (AIMA replaced SEF in October 2023)","description":"Official source for Portuguese residence permits including D7 Passive Income/Retirement visa (min. ~€820/month net 2024), D8 Digital Nomad visa (min. €3,280/month net for stays >12 months, or €1,640/month for shorter stays), D3 Highly Qualified Activity, D2 Entrepreneur. Confirms 5-year citizenship timeline.","date_reviewed":null,"official":true},{"id":"portugal_vistos_mne","label":"Portugal Ministry of Foreign Affairs — National Visa Portal","url":"https://vistos.mne.gov.pt/en/national-visas/general-information","authority_tier":"Tier 1 — Official Portuguese Ministry of Foreign Affairs","description":"Official portal for Portuguese national D-visa applications. Lists document requirements for each visa type and confirms which nationalities require Schengen C-visa vs. are exempt.","date_reviewed":null,"official":true}],"confidence":"A","freshness_state":"fresh","last_checked":"2026-06-07T00:00:00Z","date_observed":"2026-06-07"},{"id":"us-ro-short-stay","passport_id":"us","passport_name":"United States","destination_code":"ro","destination_name":"Romania","destination_slug":null,"destination_url":null,"entry_mode":"visa_free","max_stay_days":90,"max_stay_label":"90 days","duration_notes":"within any 180-day rolling period (Schengen-wide)","work_allowed":null,"permit_obtained_via":"No Schengen visa required. 90 days visa-free in any 180-day rolling Schengen period; no work right on short stay.","conditions":["Valid passport (recommended 3-6 months validity beyond planned stay)","Sufficient funds for stay","Return or onward ticket","Tourism, business, or short family visit only — no paid work without permit"],"fee":{"currency":"EUR","amount":0,"applies_to":"per person","notes":"No short-stay visa fee."},"special_zones":[],"notes":["No Schengen visa required. 90 days visa-free in any 180-day rolling Schengen period; no work right on short stay.","within any 180-day rolling period (Schengen-wide)","Layer 1: visa-free 90/180 days Schengen (short-stay tourism/business/family only; no work right). Layer 2 (work/residence): national D-visa or equivalent permit required before arrival. Layer 3 (PR): long-term residence / EU long-term resident status after 5 years lawful residence (EU Long-Term Residents Directive 2003/109/EC); citizenship per national law of Romania."],"source_ids":["eu_regulation_2018_1806_annex_ii","eu_regulation_2018_1806_annex_i","eu_visa_code_810_2009","ro_romania"],"sources":[{"id":"eu_regulation_2018_1806_annex_ii","label":"EU Regulation (EU) 2018/1806 — Annex II (Visa-Free List)","url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02018R1806-20240401","authority_tier":"Tier 1 — Official EU legislation (European Parliament & Council)","description":"Lists third-country nationals exempt from Schengen short-stay visa requirements. Annex II includes: US, Canada, Australia, UK (post-Brexit), Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, Venezuela, Ukraine, and all EU/EEA member state nationals via freedom of movement.","date_reviewed":null,"official":true},{"id":"eu_regulation_2018_1806_annex_i","label":"EU Regulation (EU) 2018/1806 — Annex I (Visa-Required List)","url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02018R1806-20240401","authority_tier":"Tier 1 — Official EU legislation","description":"Lists third-country nationals who must hold a Schengen visa for short stays. Annex I includes: Turkey, India, Russia, China, Nigeria, South Africa, Philippines, and many others.","date_reviewed":null,"official":true},{"id":"eu_visa_code_810_2009","label":"EU Visa Code — Regulation (EC) No 810/2009","url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02009R0810-20200202","authority_tier":"Tier 1 — Official EU legislation","description":"Sets Schengen visa fee (currently €80 for adults, €40 for children 6-12) and procedural requirements for all Schengen visa applications.","date_reviewed":null,"official":true},{"id":"ro_romania","label":"Romania — Inspectoratul General pentru Imigrări (IGI)","url":"https://igi.mai.gov.ro/","authority_tier":"Tier 1 — Official Romanian Government immigration authority","description":"Official Romanian immigration authority used for Romania destination rows, together with Schengen legislation for short-stay treatment after Romania's full Schengen entry. The local June 2026 import adds the full 198-passport Romania matrix from the round scaffold.","date_reviewed":null,"official":true}],"confidence":"A","freshness_state":"fresh","last_checked":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","date_observed":"2026-06-12"},{"id":"us-es-short-stay","passport_id":"us","passport_name":"United States","destination_code":"es","destination_name":"Spain","destination_slug":"spain","destination_url":"/countries/spain/","entry_mode":"visa_free","max_stay_days":90,"max_stay_label":"90 days","duration_notes":"90 days in any 180-day rolling Schengen period (not 90 days in Spain specifically — applies across all Schengen states combined).","work_allowed":null,"permit_obtained_via":"No Schengen visa required. US listed in EU Regulation 2018/1806 Annex II. Entry at Spanish border (airport, port, or land) with valid US passport.","conditions":["Valid US passport (recommended at least 6 months validity)","Sufficient funds for intended stay","Return or onward ticket","Tourism, family visit, or short business — no paid work without permit"],"fee":{"currency":"EUR","amount":0,"applies_to":"per person","notes":"No Schengen visa fee for US nationals."},"special_zones":[],"notes":["No Schengen visa required. US listed in EU Regulation 2018/1806 Annex II. Entry at Spanish border (airport, port, or land) with valid US passport.","90 days in any 180-day rolling Schengen period (not 90 days in Spain specifically — applies across all Schengen states combined).","Layer 1 (entry): visa-free 90/180 days Schengen — tourist/business only, no work right. Layer 2 (work/residence): requires Spanish national long-stay visa (visado de larga duración, Type D) obtained at Spanish consulate before arrival; main routes for non-EU: highly qualified worker permit (tarjeta de residente por cuenta ajena — highly skilled), entrepreneur visa, digital nomad visa (Law 28/2022 Startups Act, active since Jan 2023 — €2,646/month min. income for 2024). Mexico → Spain = same short-stay rule: visa-free for tourism but permit required for work/residence. Layer 3 (PR): long-term residence (residencia de larga duración) after 5 years continuous legal residence; Spanish citizenship after 10 years legal residence (or 2 years for nationals of Latin American countries and Philippines — see note for Mexico, Colombia, Argentina, Venezuela, Brazil)."],"source_ids":["eu_regulation_2018_1806_annex_ii","spain_exteriores_visados","spain_secretaria_estado_migraciones"],"sources":[{"id":"eu_regulation_2018_1806_annex_ii","label":"EU Regulation (EU) 2018/1806 — Annex II (Visa-Free List)","url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02018R1806-20240401","authority_tier":"Tier 1 — Official EU legislation (European Parliament & Council)","description":"Lists third-country nationals exempt from Schengen short-stay visa requirements. Annex II includes: US, Canada, Australia, UK (post-Brexit), Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, Venezuela, Ukraine, and all EU/EEA member state nationals via freedom of movement.","date_reviewed":null,"official":true},{"id":"spain_exteriores_visados","label":"Spain Ministry of Foreign Affairs — Consular Services / Visas","url":"https://www.exteriores.gob.es/en/ServiciosAlCiudadano/Paginas/Visados.aspx","authority_tier":"Tier 1 — Official Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs","description":"Official source for Spanish visa requirements, including Schengen C-visa for short stays and national D-visa long-stay types (Non-Lucrative, Highly Qualified, Digital Nomad, Entrepreneur, Work Permit).","date_reviewed":null,"official":true},{"id":"spain_secretaria_estado_migraciones","label":"Spain — Secretaría de Estado de Migraciones (Official Work & Residence Permits)","url":"https://extranjeros.inclusion.gob.es/en/index.html","authority_tier":"Tier 1 — Official Spanish Government (Ministry of Inclusion, Social Security and Migration)","description":"Official Spanish portal for work and residence permits (cuenta ajena, cuenta propia, highly qualified, digital nomad). Confirms Digital Nomad Visa (Ley 28/2022 Startups Act) minimum income requirements and iberoamerican citizenship preference.","date_reviewed":null,"official":true}],"confidence":"A","freshness_state":"fresh","last_checked":"2026-06-07T00:00:00Z","date_observed":"2026-06-07"},{"id":"us-se-short-stay","passport_id":"us","passport_name":"United States","destination_code":"se","destination_name":"Sweden","destination_slug":"sweden","destination_url":"/countries/sweden/","entry_mode":"visa_free","max_stay_days":90,"max_stay_label":"90 days","duration_notes":"within any 180-day rolling period (Schengen-wide)","work_allowed":null,"permit_obtained_via":"No Schengen visa required. 90 days visa-free in any 180-day rolling Schengen period; no work right on short stay.","conditions":["Valid passport (recommended 3-6 months validity beyond planned stay)","Sufficient funds for stay","Return or onward ticket","Tourism, business, or short family visit only — no paid work without permit"],"fee":{"currency":"EUR","amount":0,"applies_to":"per person","notes":"No short-stay visa fee."},"special_zones":[],"notes":["No Schengen visa required. 90 days visa-free in any 180-day rolling Schengen period; no work right on short stay.","within any 180-day rolling period (Schengen-wide)","Layer 1: visa-free 90/180 days Schengen (short-stay tourism/business/family only; no work right). Layer 2 (work/residence): national D-visa or equivalent permit required before arrival. Layer 3 (PR): long-term residence / EU long-term resident status after 5 years lawful residence (EU Long-Term Residents Directive 2003/109/EC); citizenship per national law of Sweden."],"source_ids":["eu_regulation_2018_1806_annex_ii","eu_regulation_2018_1806_annex_i","eu_visa_code_810_2009","se_swedish"],"sources":[{"id":"eu_regulation_2018_1806_annex_ii","label":"EU Regulation (EU) 2018/1806 — Annex II (Visa-Free List)","url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02018R1806-20240401","authority_tier":"Tier 1 — Official EU legislation (European Parliament & Council)","description":"Lists third-country nationals exempt from Schengen short-stay visa requirements. Annex II includes: US, Canada, Australia, UK (post-Brexit), Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, Venezuela, Ukraine, and all EU/EEA member state nationals via freedom of movement.","date_reviewed":null,"official":true},{"id":"eu_regulation_2018_1806_annex_i","label":"EU Regulation (EU) 2018/1806 — Annex I (Visa-Required List)","url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02018R1806-20240401","authority_tier":"Tier 1 — Official EU legislation","description":"Lists third-country nationals who must hold a Schengen visa for short stays. Annex I includes: Turkey, India, Russia, China, Nigeria, South Africa, Philippines, and many others.","date_reviewed":null,"official":true},{"id":"eu_visa_code_810_2009","label":"EU Visa Code — Regulation (EC) No 810/2009","url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02009R0810-20200202","authority_tier":"Tier 1 — Official EU legislation","description":"Sets Schengen visa fee (currently €80 for adults, €40 for children 6-12) and procedural requirements for all Schengen visa applications.","date_reviewed":null,"official":true}],"confidence":"A","freshness_state":"fresh","last_checked":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","date_observed":"2026-06-12"}]
}